import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from matplotlib.colors import LinearSegmentedColormap STYLE = { "grid": "#E3E7EC", "face": "#F8FAFC", "spine": "#000000", } PALETTES = { "Matplotlib": [ "#1F77B4", "#FF7F0E", "#2CA02C", "#D62728", "#9467BD", "#8C564B", "#E377C2", "#7F7F7F", "#BCBD22", "#17BECF", ], "NPG": [ "#E64B35", "#4DBBD5", "#00A087", "#3C5488", "#F39B7F", "#8491B4", "#91D1C2", "#DC0000", "#7E6148", "#B09C85", ], "Science": [ "#3B4992", "#EE0000", "#008B45", "#631879", "#008280", "#BB0021", "#5F559B", "#A20056", "#808180", "#1B1919", ], "Lancet": [ "#00468B", "#ED0000", "#42B540", "#0099B4", "#925E9F", "#FDAF91", "#AD002A", "#ADB6B6", "#1B1919", ], } def setup_axis(ax): ax.set_facecolor(STYLE["face"]) ax.spines["top"].set_visible(False) ax.spines["right"].set_visible(False) ax.spines["left"].set_color(STYLE["spine"]) ax.spines["bottom"].set_color(STYLE["spine"]) ax.spines["left"].set_linewidth(0.75) ax.spines["bottom"].set_linewidth(0.75) ax.tick_params( colors="#2A2A2A", labelsize=7, length=5.5, width=0.75, direction="out" ) ax.grid(axis="y", color=STYLE["grid"], linewidth=0.65) ax.set_axisbelow(True) def draw_swatches(ax, colors): ax.set_xlim(0, len(colors)) ax.set_ylim(0, 1) for idx, color in enumerate(colors): ax.add_patch( plt.Rectangle( (idx, 0), 1, 1, facecolor=color, edgecolor="white", linewidth=1 ) ) ax.text( idx + 0.5, -0.10, str(idx + 1), ha="center", va="top", color="#4A4A4A", ) ax.set_xticks([]) ax.set_yticks([]) for spine in ax.spines.values(): spine.set_visible(False) def draw_grouped_bars(ax, colors): setup_axis(ax) x = np.arange(3) width = 0.2 values = np.array( [ [0.68, 0.74, 0.78], [0.62, 0.70, 0.73], [0.71, 0.77, 0.82], ] ) for idx in range(3): bars = ax.bar( x + (idx - 1) * width, values[idx], width=width, color=colors[idx], alpha=0.50, edgecolor="black", linewidth=0.8, ) for bar in bars: height = bar.get_height() ax.text( bar.get_x() + bar.get_width() / 2, height + 0.012, f"{height:.2f}", ha="center", va="bottom", fontsize=5.8, color="#222222", rotation=90, ) ax.set_xticks(x) ax.set_xticklabels(["D1", "D2", "D3"]) ax.set_ylim(0.50, 0.90) ax.set_yticks(np.arange(0.50, 0.91, 0.10)) ax.set_ylabel("Score", labelpad=2) ax.set_title("Grouped bars", fontsize=8, pad=6, fontweight="bold") def draw_lines(ax, colors): setup_axis(ax) x = np.arange(1, 6) series = np.array( [ [0.61, 0.64, 0.69, 0.73, 0.76], [0.66, 0.67, 0.70, 0.72, 0.74], [0.58, 0.63, 0.67, 0.71, 0.75], ] ) for idx, y in enumerate(series): ax.plot( x, y, color=colors[idx], marker="o", markersize=5.6, markeredgecolor="white", markeredgewidth=0.45, linewidth=1.35, ) ax.set_xticks(x) ax.set_ylim(0.55, 0.80) ax.set_yticks(np.arange(0.55, 0.801, 0.05)) ax.set_ylabel("AUC", labelpad=2) ax.set_title("Trend lines", fontsize=8, pad=6, fontweight="bold") def draw_scatter_heat(ax, colors, seed): ax.set_facecolor(STYLE["face"]) rng = np.random.default_rng(seed) for idx, center in enumerate([(-0.8, 0.4), (0.2, 0.9), (0.7, -0.1)]): points = rng.normal(loc=center, scale=(0.22, 0.18), size=(32, 2)) ax.scatter( points[:, 0], points[:, 1], s=20, color=colors[idx], alpha=0.58, edgecolor="white", linewidth=0.35, ) ax.set_xticks([]) ax.set_yticks([]) ax.set_xlim(-1.45, 1.35) ax.set_ylim(-0.65, 1.45) ax.set_title("Sample clusters", fontsize=8, pad=6, fontweight="bold") for spine in ax.spines.values(): spine.set_color(STYLE["spine"]) spine.set_linewidth(0.75) def draw_heatmap(ax, colors): ax.set_facecolor(STYLE["face"]) data = np.array( [ [0.88, 0.12, 0.05, 0.02], [0.18, 0.74, 0.14, 0.06], [0.08, 0.18, 0.69, 0.17], [0.04, 0.07, 0.21, 0.81], ] ) cmap = LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list( "panel_map", ["#F7F7F7", colors[1], colors[0]] ) ax.imshow(data, cmap=cmap, vmin=0, vmax=1) ax.set_xticks(range(4)) ax.set_yticks(range(4)) ax.set_xticklabels(["A", "B", "C", "D"], fontsize=6) ax.set_yticklabels(["A", "B", "C", "D"], fontsize=6) ax.tick_params(length=5.5, width=0.75, direction="out") for row in range(data.shape[0]): for col in range(data.shape[1]): color = "white" if data[row, col] >= 0.62 else "#222222" ax.text( col, row, f"{data[row, col]:.2f}", ha="center", va="center", fontsize=5.8, color=color, ) ax.set_title("Heatmap", fontsize=8, pad=6, fontweight="bold") for spine in ax.spines.values(): spine.set_visible(True) spine.set_color(STYLE["spine"]) spine.set_linewidth(0.75) def main(): plt.rcParams.update( { "font.family": "Arial", "font.sans-serif": ["Arial", "Helvetica", "DejaVu Sans"], "axes.titlesize": 8, "axes.labelsize": 7, "axes.linewidth": 0.75, "axes.facecolor": STYLE["face"], "grid.color": STYLE["grid"], "xtick.direction": "out", "ytick.direction": "out", "xtick.major.size": 5.5, "ytick.major.size": 5.5, "xtick.major.width": 0.75, "ytick.major.width": 0.75, "pdf.fonttype": 42, "ps.fonttype": 42, } ) fig, axes = plt.subplots( nrows=4, ncols=5, figsize=(10.8, 7.1), gridspec_kw={"width_ratios": [1.35, 1.06, 1.0, 1.0, 0.9]}, constrained_layout=True, ) for row, (name, colors) in enumerate(PALETTES.items()): axes[row, 0].set_ylabel( name, rotation=0, ha="right", va="center", fontsize=10, fontweight="bold" ) axes[row, 0].yaxis.set_label_coords(-0.08, 0.5) draw_swatches(axes[row, 0], colors) draw_grouped_bars(axes[row, 1], colors) draw_lines(axes[row, 2], colors) draw_scatter_heat(axes[row, 3], colors, seed=2026 + row) draw_heatmap(axes[row, 4], colors) fig.suptitle( "Palette behavior across common research-figure panels", fontsize=12, fontweight="bold", ) fig.savefig("palettes/fig/palette_panel_examples.png", dpi=220, bbox_inches="tight") if __name__ == "__main__": main()